🇦🇺 Australia: visas, tax & cost of living

Visiting

You need a travel authorization (an ETA) before you board. Apply online, pay the small fee, and keep the approval with your passport.

Passport validity: Passport valid for the duration of stay (aim for at least six months of validity to be safe); for Indian Visitor visa applicants valid for the whole stay.

Heads-up: Australia has no digital nomad or remote-work visa and none is announced. The Tourist-stream Visitor visa (subclass 600) applied for outside Australia now costs from AUD 250. The ABF plans to replace the paper Incoming Passenger Card with the digital Australia Travel Declaration at every international airport and seaport by the end of 2027.

At the border: Travellers complete an Incoming Passenger Card covering customs, food and biosecurity and must declare any food, plant or animal products; on some inbound Qantas flights you can fill in the digital Australia Travel Declaration in the app instead. Visa applicants may need proof of funds, a return or onward plan and evidence of ties to home.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

The primary test is whether you reside in Australia in the ordinary sense, judged on your behaviour, ties and intentions with no day count. You are also resident if you are in Australia, continuously or intermittently, for more than half the income year (1 July to 30 June), unless your usual place of abode is outside Australia and you have no intention to take up residence; domicile and Commonwealth-super tests also apply (ITAA 1936 s 6(1), estimate). (estimate)

The UK decides residence with its Statutory Residence Test (days in the UK plus your ties). As a non-resident you are usually taxed only on UK income; where one exists, a double-tax treaty with the destination decides who taxes what.

Double-tax treaty: yes

Practical

Currency: AUD. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Australia has Reciprocal Health Care Agreements with 11 countries (including the UK) giving subsidised Medicare access; visitors not covered, such as US and Indian passport holders, must take out private or travel health cover.

Healthcare agreement: Reciprocal Health Care Agreement gives British visitors subsidised essential care under Medicare for the length of the visit.

Driving: Visitors can generally drive on a valid foreign licence short term, with rules set per state or territory; carrying an International Driving Permit alongside the home licence is recommended.

Working-holiday visa: yes, ages 18-35

Visiting

You need a travel authorization (an ETA) before you board. Apply online, pay the small fee, and keep the approval with your passport.

Passport validity: Passport valid for the duration of stay (aim for at least six months of validity to be safe); for Indian Visitor visa applicants valid for the whole stay.

Heads-up: Australia has no digital nomad or remote-work visa and none is announced. The Tourist-stream Visitor visa (subclass 600) applied for outside Australia now costs from AUD 250. The ABF plans to replace the paper Incoming Passenger Card with the digital Australia Travel Declaration at every international airport and seaport by the end of 2027.

At the border: Travellers complete an Incoming Passenger Card covering customs, food and biosecurity and must declare any food, plant or animal products; on some inbound Qantas flights you can fill in the digital Australia Travel Declaration in the app instead. Visa applicants may need proof of funds, a return or onward plan and evidence of ties to home.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

The primary test is whether you reside in Australia in the ordinary sense, judged on your behaviour, ties and intentions with no day count. You are also resident if you are in Australia, continuously or intermittently, for more than half the income year (1 July to 30 June), unless your usual place of abode is outside Australia and you have no intention to take up residence; domicile and Commonwealth-super tests also apply (ITAA 1936 s 6(1), estimate). (estimate)

The US taxes its citizens on worldwide income wherever you live, so you keep filing US returns abroad. The Foreign Earned Income Exclusion and the foreign tax credit are what stop you being taxed twice.

Double-tax treaty: yes, in force since 1982

Practical

Currency: AUD. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Australia has Reciprocal Health Care Agreements with 11 countries (including the UK) giving subsidised Medicare access; visitors not covered, such as US and Indian passport holders, must take out private or travel health cover.

Driving: Visitors can generally drive on a valid foreign licence short term, with rules set per state or territory; carrying an International Driving Permit alongside the home licence is recommended.

Working-holiday visa: yes, ages 18-30

Visiting

You need an e-visa. Apply online before you travel and carry the approval. It is usually quick, but leave a few days of buffer.

Passport validity: Passport valid for the duration of stay (aim for at least six months of validity to be safe); for Indian Visitor visa applicants valid for the whole stay.

Heads-up: Australia has no digital nomad or remote-work visa and none is announced. The Tourist-stream Visitor visa (subclass 600) applied for outside Australia now costs from AUD 250. The ABF plans to replace the paper Incoming Passenger Card with the digital Australia Travel Declaration at every international airport and seaport by the end of 2027.

At the border: Travellers complete an Incoming Passenger Card covering customs, food and biosecurity and must declare any food, plant or animal products; on some inbound Qantas flights you can fill in the digital Australia Travel Declaration in the app instead. Visa applicants may need proof of funds, a return or onward plan and evidence of ties to home.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

The primary test is whether you reside in Australia in the ordinary sense, judged on your behaviour, ties and intentions with no day count. You are also resident if you are in Australia, continuously or intermittently, for more than half the income year (1 July to 30 June), unless your usual place of abode is outside Australia and you have no intention to take up residence; domicile and Commonwealth-super tests also apply (ITAA 1936 s 6(1), estimate). (estimate)

India taxes residents on worldwide income; your status depends on the days you spend in India (broadly 182 or more in the year). As a non-resident (NRI) you are taxed only on Indian-source income, and the relevant double-tax treaty allocates the rest.

Double-tax treaty: yes, in force since 1991

Practical

Currency: AUD. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Australia has Reciprocal Health Care Agreements with 11 countries (including the UK) giving subsidised Medicare access; visitors not covered, such as US and Indian passport holders, must take out private or travel health cover.

Driving: Visitors can generally drive on a valid foreign licence short term, with rules set per state or territory; carrying an International Driving Permit alongside the home licence is recommended.

Working-holiday visa: yes, ages 18-30

Visiting

You need a travel authorization (an ETA) before you board. Apply online, pay the small fee, and keep the approval with your passport.

Passport validity: Passport valid for the duration of stay (aim for at least six months of validity to be safe); for Indian Visitor visa applicants valid for the whole stay.

Heads-up: Australia has no digital nomad or remote-work visa and none is announced. The Tourist-stream Visitor visa (subclass 600) applied for outside Australia now costs from AUD 250. The ABF plans to replace the paper Incoming Passenger Card with the digital Australia Travel Declaration at every international airport and seaport by the end of 2027.

At the border: Travellers complete an Incoming Passenger Card covering customs, food and biosecurity and must declare any food, plant or animal products; on some inbound Qantas flights you can fill in the digital Australia Travel Declaration in the app instead. Visa applicants may need proof of funds, a return or onward plan and evidence of ties to home.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

The primary test is whether you reside in Australia in the ordinary sense, judged on your behaviour, ties and intentions with no day count. You are also resident if you are in Australia, continuously or intermittently, for more than half the income year (1 July to 30 June), unless your usual place of abode is outside Australia and you have no intention to take up residence; domicile and Commonwealth-super tests also apply (ITAA 1936 s 6(1), estimate). (estimate)

Germany taxes residents on worldwide income; you become resident through a home available to you (Wohnsitz) or a habitual abode of more than six months. As a non-resident you are usually taxed only on German-source income, and where one exists a double-tax treaty with the destination decides who taxes what.

Double-tax treaty: yes, in force since 2016

Practical

Currency: AUD. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Australia has Reciprocal Health Care Agreements with 11 countries (including the UK) giving subsidised Medicare access; visitors not covered, such as US and Indian passport holders, must take out private or travel health cover.

Driving: Visitors can generally drive on a valid foreign licence short term, with rules set per state or territory; carrying an International Driving Permit alongside the home licence is recommended.

Working-holiday visa: yes, ages 18-35

Visiting

You need a travel authorization (an ETA) before you board. Apply online, pay the small fee, and keep the approval with your passport.

Passport validity: Passport valid for the duration of stay (aim for at least six months of validity to be safe); for Indian Visitor visa applicants valid for the whole stay.

Heads-up: Australia has no digital nomad or remote-work visa and none is announced. The Tourist-stream Visitor visa (subclass 600) applied for outside Australia now costs from AUD 250. The ABF plans to replace the paper Incoming Passenger Card with the digital Australia Travel Declaration at every international airport and seaport by the end of 2027.

At the border: Travellers complete an Incoming Passenger Card covering customs, food and biosecurity and must declare any food, plant or animal products; on some inbound Qantas flights you can fill in the digital Australia Travel Declaration in the app instead. Visa applicants may need proof of funds, a return or onward plan and evidence of ties to home.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

The primary test is whether you reside in Australia in the ordinary sense, judged on your behaviour, ties and intentions with no day count. You are also resident if you are in Australia, continuously or intermittently, for more than half the income year (1 July to 30 June), unless your usual place of abode is outside Australia and you have no intention to take up residence; domicile and Commonwealth-super tests also apply (ITAA 1936 s 6(1), estimate). (estimate)

France taxes you on your worldwide income if your tax home (domicile fiscal) stays there, broadly when your household, main home, main job or main economic interests are in France, so moving abroad alone may not end it. Once you genuinely settle elsewhere you are usually taxed only on French-source income, and tax treaties typically prevent paying twice through an exemption or a foreign tax credit, but treat any figures as estimates and check your situation.

Double-tax treaty: yes, in force since 2009

Practical

Currency: AUD. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Australia has Reciprocal Health Care Agreements with 11 countries (including the UK) giving subsidised Medicare access; visitors not covered, such as US and Indian passport holders, must take out private or travel health cover.

Driving: Visitors can generally drive on a valid foreign licence short term, with rules set per state or territory; carrying an International Driving Permit alongside the home licence is recommended.

Working-holiday visa: yes, ages 18-35

Visiting

You need a travel authorization (an ETA) before you board. Apply online, pay the small fee, and keep the approval with your passport.

Passport validity: Passport valid for the duration of stay (aim for at least six months of validity to be safe); for Indian Visitor visa applicants valid for the whole stay.

Heads-up: Australia has no digital nomad or remote-work visa and none is announced. The Tourist-stream Visitor visa (subclass 600) applied for outside Australia now costs from AUD 250. The ABF plans to replace the paper Incoming Passenger Card with the digital Australia Travel Declaration at every international airport and seaport by the end of 2027.

At the border: Travellers complete an Incoming Passenger Card covering customs, food and biosecurity and must declare any food, plant or animal products; on some inbound Qantas flights you can fill in the digital Australia Travel Declaration in the app instead. Visa applicants may need proof of funds, a return or onward plan and evidence of ties to home.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

The primary test is whether you reside in Australia in the ordinary sense, judged on your behaviour, ties and intentions with no day count. You are also resident if you are in Australia, continuously or intermittently, for more than half the income year (1 July to 30 June), unless your usual place of abode is outside Australia and you have no intention to take up residence; domicile and Commonwealth-super tests also apply (ITAA 1936 s 6(1), estimate). (estimate)

If Spain still counts as your tax home (roughly 183+ days in the country in a year, or your main base of life and income sits there), Spain taxes your worldwide income at IRPF rates, so what you earn abroad usually counts too. The sting is softened by double-tax treaties and a foreign-tax credit, plus the Article 7.p exemption that can shelter work done abroad up to around 60,100 euros a year, but treat every figure as an estimate and check your own case before you file.

Double-tax treaty: yes, in force since 1992

Practical

Currency: AUD. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Australia has Reciprocal Health Care Agreements with 11 countries (including the UK) giving subsidised Medicare access; visitors not covered, such as US and Indian passport holders, must take out private or travel health cover.

Driving: Visitors can generally drive on a valid foreign licence short term, with rules set per state or territory; carrying an International Driving Permit alongside the home licence is recommended.

Working-holiday visa: yes, ages 18-30

Visiting

You need a travel authorization (an ETA) before you board. Apply online, pay the small fee, and keep the approval with your passport.

Passport validity: Passport valid for the duration of stay (aim for at least six months of validity to be safe); for Indian Visitor visa applicants valid for the whole stay.

Heads-up: Australia has no digital nomad or remote-work visa and none is announced. The Tourist-stream Visitor visa (subclass 600) applied for outside Australia now costs from AUD 250. The ABF plans to replace the paper Incoming Passenger Card with the digital Australia Travel Declaration at every international airport and seaport by the end of 2027.

At the border: Travellers complete an Incoming Passenger Card covering customs, food and biosecurity and must declare any food, plant or animal products; on some inbound Qantas flights you can fill in the digital Australia Travel Declaration in the app instead. Visa applicants may need proof of funds, a return or onward plan and evidence of ties to home.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

The primary test is whether you reside in Australia in the ordinary sense, judged on your behaviour, ties and intentions with no day count. You are also resident if you are in Australia, continuously or intermittently, for more than half the income year (1 July to 30 June), unless your usual place of abode is outside Australia and you have no intention to take up residence; domicile and Commonwealth-super tests also apply (ITAA 1936 s 6(1), estimate). (estimate)

Italy generally treats you as a tax resident if for most of the year (roughly 183 days or more) your home, family or registration ties are here, and residents are taxed on worldwide income wherever they live. The relief is usually a foreign tax credit for tax already paid abroad, often shaped by Italy's double-taxation treaties, so the same income should not be taxed twice.

Double-tax treaty: yes, in force since 1985

Practical

Currency: AUD. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Australia has Reciprocal Health Care Agreements with 11 countries (including the UK) giving subsidised Medicare access; visitors not covered, such as US and Indian passport holders, must take out private or travel health cover.

Healthcare agreement: Italy's Reciprocal Health Care Agreement covers Italian visitors for six months from arrival: public hospital care, Medicare out-of-hospital services and PBS medicines once you enrol in Medicare.

Driving: Visitors can generally drive on a valid foreign licence short term, with rules set per state or territory; carrying an International Driving Permit alongside the home licence is recommended.

Working-holiday visa: yes, ages 18-35

Visiting

You need a travel authorization (an ETA) before you board. Apply online, pay the small fee, and keep the approval with your passport.

Passport validity: Passport valid for the duration of stay (aim for at least six months of validity to be safe); for Indian Visitor visa applicants valid for the whole stay.

Heads-up: Australia has no digital nomad or remote-work visa and none is announced. The Tourist-stream Visitor visa (subclass 600) applied for outside Australia now costs from AUD 250. The ABF plans to replace the paper Incoming Passenger Card with the digital Australia Travel Declaration at every international airport and seaport by the end of 2027.

At the border: Travellers complete an Incoming Passenger Card covering customs, food and biosecurity and must declare any food, plant or animal products; on some inbound Qantas flights you can fill in the digital Australia Travel Declaration in the app instead. Visa applicants may need proof of funds, a return or onward plan and evidence of ties to home.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

The primary test is whether you reside in Australia in the ordinary sense, judged on your behaviour, ties and intentions with no day count. You are also resident if you are in Australia, continuously or intermittently, for more than half the income year (1 July to 30 June), unless your usual place of abode is outside Australia and you have no intention to take up residence; domicile and Commonwealth-super tests also apply (ITAA 1936 s 6(1), estimate). (estimate)

Canada taxes you on residency, not on holding the passport, so as long as the CRA still treats you as a resident (kept home, family or strong ties) you generally owe Canadian tax on your worldwide income. The relief is usually a foreign tax credit for tax you already paid abroad, often topped up by a tax treaty, though the exact amounts are only estimates until you check your own case.

Double-tax treaty: yes, in force since 1981

Practical

Currency: AUD. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Australia has Reciprocal Health Care Agreements with 11 countries (including the UK) giving subsidised Medicare access; visitors not covered, such as US and Indian passport holders, must take out private or travel health cover.

Driving: Visitors can generally drive on a valid foreign licence short term, with rules set per state or territory; carrying an International Driving Permit alongside the home licence is recommended.

Working-holiday visa: yes, ages 18-35

Visiting

You need an e-visa. Apply online before you travel and carry the approval. It is usually quick, but leave a few days of buffer.

Passport validity: Passport valid for the duration of stay (aim for at least six months of validity to be safe); for Indian Visitor visa applicants valid for the whole stay.

Heads-up: Australia has no digital nomad or remote-work visa and none is announced. The Tourist-stream Visitor visa (subclass 600) applied for outside Australia now costs from AUD 250. The ABF plans to replace the paper Incoming Passenger Card with the digital Australia Travel Declaration at every international airport and seaport by the end of 2027.

At the border: Travellers complete an Incoming Passenger Card covering customs, food and biosecurity and must declare any food, plant or animal products; on some inbound Qantas flights you can fill in the digital Australia Travel Declaration in the app instead. Visa applicants may need proof of funds, a return or onward plan and evidence of ties to home.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

The primary test is whether you reside in Australia in the ordinary sense, judged on your behaviour, ties and intentions with no day count. You are also resident if you are in Australia, continuously or intermittently, for more than half the income year (1 July to 30 June), unless your usual place of abode is outside Australia and you have no intention to take up residence; domicile and Commonwealth-super tests also apply (ITAA 1936 s 6(1), estimate). (estimate)

If Brazil still counts you as tax-resident, usually triggered by a permanent visa, a temporary visa plus a job, or roughly 183 days in the country within any 12 months, the Receita Federal taxes your worldwide income, so you keep filing the annual return wherever you live. The relief is real but partial: tax paid abroad can normally be credited against what you owe in Brazil under a treaty or recognised reciprocity, so most people are not taxed twice on the same income.

Double-tax treaty: none

Practical

Currency: AUD. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Australia has Reciprocal Health Care Agreements with 11 countries (including the UK) giving subsidised Medicare access; visitors not covered, such as US and Indian passport holders, must take out private or travel health cover.

Driving: Visitors can generally drive on a valid foreign licence short term, with rules set per state or territory; carrying an International Driving Permit alongside the home licence is recommended.

Working-holiday visa: yes, ages 18-30

Visiting

You need an e-visa. Apply online before you travel and carry the approval. It is usually quick, but leave a few days of buffer.

Passport validity: Passport valid for the duration of stay (aim for at least six months of validity to be safe); for Indian Visitor visa applicants valid for the whole stay.

Heads-up: Australia has no digital nomad or remote-work visa and none is announced. The Tourist-stream Visitor visa (subclass 600) applied for outside Australia now costs from AUD 250. The ABF plans to replace the paper Incoming Passenger Card with the digital Australia Travel Declaration at every international airport and seaport by the end of 2027.

At the border: Travellers complete an Incoming Passenger Card covering customs, food and biosecurity and must declare any food, plant or animal products; on some inbound Qantas flights you can fill in the digital Australia Travel Declaration in the app instead. Visa applicants may need proof of funds, a return or onward plan and evidence of ties to home.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

The primary test is whether you reside in Australia in the ordinary sense, judged on your behaviour, ties and intentions with no day count. You are also resident if you are in Australia, continuously or intermittently, for more than half the income year (1 July to 30 June), unless your usual place of abode is outside Australia and you have no intention to take up residence; domicile and Commonwealth-super tests also apply (ITAA 1936 s 6(1), estimate). (estimate)

Mexico taxes you on your worldwide income once you count as a tax resident, which usually means your main home or your center of life is here (very roughly, spending more than about 183 days a year can tip the balance). The good news is the SAT lets you credit foreign income tax you already paid, and Mexico's double-taxation treaties mean the same money should not normally be taxed twice.

Double-tax treaty: yes, in force since 2003

Practical

Currency: AUD. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Australia has Reciprocal Health Care Agreements with 11 countries (including the UK) giving subsidised Medicare access; visitors not covered, such as US and Indian passport holders, must take out private or travel health cover.

Driving: Visitors can generally drive on a valid foreign licence short term, with rules set per state or territory; carrying an International Driving Permit alongside the home licence is recommended.

Visiting

You need an e-visa. Apply online before you travel and carry the approval. It is usually quick, but leave a few days of buffer.

Passport validity: Passport valid for the duration of stay (aim for at least six months of validity to be safe); for Indian Visitor visa applicants valid for the whole stay.

Heads-up: Australia has no digital nomad or remote-work visa and none is announced. The Tourist-stream Visitor visa (subclass 600) applied for outside Australia now costs from AUD 250. The ABF plans to replace the paper Incoming Passenger Card with the digital Australia Travel Declaration at every international airport and seaport by the end of 2027.

At the border: Travellers complete an Incoming Passenger Card covering customs, food and biosecurity and must declare any food, plant or animal products; on some inbound Qantas flights you can fill in the digital Australia Travel Declaration in the app instead. Visa applicants may need proof of funds, a return or onward plan and evidence of ties to home.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

The primary test is whether you reside in Australia in the ordinary sense, judged on your behaviour, ties and intentions with no day count. You are also resident if you are in Australia, continuously or intermittently, for more than half the income year (1 July to 30 June), unless your usual place of abode is outside Australia and you have no intention to take up residence; domicile and Commonwealth-super tests also apply (ITAA 1936 s 6(1), estimate). (estimate)

If you stay a resident citizen, the Philippines taxes your worldwide income, but once you genuinely live and work abroad you usually count as a non-resident citizen and are taxed only on income from Philippine sources. The exact line depends on how long you are out and your ties back home, so treat these as estimates, and a foreign tax credit can offset tax already paid abroad.

Double-tax treaty: yes, in force since 1980

Practical

Currency: AUD. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Australia has Reciprocal Health Care Agreements with 11 countries (including the UK) giving subsidised Medicare access; visitors not covered, such as US and Indian passport holders, must take out private or travel health cover.

Driving: Visitors can generally drive on a valid foreign licence short term, with rules set per state or territory; carrying an International Driving Permit alongside the home licence is recommended.

Visiting

You need an e-visa. Apply online before you travel and carry the approval. It is usually quick, but leave a few days of buffer.

Passport validity: Passport valid for the duration of stay (aim for at least six months of validity to be safe); for Indian Visitor visa applicants valid for the whole stay.

Heads-up: Australia has no digital nomad or remote-work visa and none is announced. The Tourist-stream Visitor visa (subclass 600) applied for outside Australia now costs from AUD 250. The ABF plans to replace the paper Incoming Passenger Card with the digital Australia Travel Declaration at every international airport and seaport by the end of 2027.

At the border: Travellers complete an Incoming Passenger Card covering customs, food and biosecurity and must declare any food, plant or animal products; on some inbound Qantas flights you can fill in the digital Australia Travel Declaration in the app instead. Visa applicants may need proof of funds, a return or onward plan and evidence of ties to home.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

The primary test is whether you reside in Australia in the ordinary sense, judged on your behaviour, ties and intentions with no day count. You are also resident if you are in Australia, continuously or intermittently, for more than half the income year (1 July to 30 June), unless your usual place of abode is outside Australia and you have no intention to take up residence; domicile and Commonwealth-super tests also apply (ITAA 1936 s 6(1), estimate). (estimate)

If Nigeria still counts you as resident, roughly 183 or more days in the country in a year, or you keep a home, habitual abode or close family and economic ties there, you are generally taxed on your worldwide income, not just what you earn in Nigeria. There is usually a foreign tax credit, and Nigeria's tax treaties, so tax you already paid abroad can typically be set against your Nigerian bill, but treat these figures as estimates and check the current rules before you file.

Double-tax treaty: none

Practical

Currency: AUD. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Australia has Reciprocal Health Care Agreements with 11 countries (including the UK) giving subsidised Medicare access; visitors not covered, such as US and Indian passport holders, must take out private or travel health cover.

Driving: Visitors can generally drive on a valid foreign licence short term, with rules set per state or territory; carrying an International Driving Permit alongside the home licence is recommended.

Visiting

You need an e-visa. Apply online before you travel and carry the approval. It is usually quick, but leave a few days of buffer.

Passport validity: Passport valid for the duration of stay (aim for at least six months of validity to be safe); for Indian Visitor visa applicants valid for the whole stay.

Heads-up: Australia has no digital nomad or remote-work visa and none is announced. The Tourist-stream Visitor visa (subclass 600) applied for outside Australia now costs from AUD 250. The ABF plans to replace the paper Incoming Passenger Card with the digital Australia Travel Declaration at every international airport and seaport by the end of 2027.

At the border: Travellers complete an Incoming Passenger Card covering customs, food and biosecurity and must declare any food, plant or animal products; on some inbound Qantas flights you can fill in the digital Australia Travel Declaration in the app instead. Visa applicants may need proof of funds, a return or onward plan and evidence of ties to home.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

The primary test is whether you reside in Australia in the ordinary sense, judged on your behaviour, ties and intentions with no day count. You are also resident if you are in Australia, continuously or intermittently, for more than half the income year (1 July to 30 June), unless your usual place of abode is outside Australia and you have no intention to take up residence; domicile and Commonwealth-super tests also apply (ITAA 1936 s 6(1), estimate). (estimate)

Vietnam treats you as a tax resident once you spend roughly 183 days there in a calendar year (or any rolling 12 months) or keep a permanent home, and residents are taxed on worldwide income at progressive rates of around 5% to 35%; there is no foreign-earned-income exclusion, but Vietnam's tax treaties and a foreign tax credit usually stop the same income being taxed twice.

Double-tax treaty: yes, in force since 1992

Practical

Currency: AUD. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Australia has Reciprocal Health Care Agreements with 11 countries (including the UK) giving subsidised Medicare access; visitors not covered, such as US and Indian passport holders, must take out private or travel health cover.

Driving: Visitors can generally drive on a valid foreign licence short term, with rules set per state or territory; carrying an International Driving Permit alongside the home licence is recommended.

Working-holiday visa: yes, ages 18-30