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Glossary

Relocating comes with its own vocabulary, visas, tax residency, totalization, NHR. This glossary explains each term in plain language, with the free Voymo tool that puts it to work.

  • 183-Day Rule : A common test for tax residency: spend more than 183 days in a country during a tax year and it usually treats you as a tax…

  • 90/180-Day Rule : A short-stay limit that lets you spend up to 90 days inside any rolling 180-day window. Most days run as a moving count, not a…

  • A1 Certificate : An A1 certificate is an EU/EEA/Swiss document proving you stay covered by your home country's social security while working…
  • AIRE (Registry of Italians Resident Abroad) : AIRE (Anagrafe degli Italiani Residenti all'Estero) is the official register of Italian citizens who live abroad. Italians moving…
  • Anmeldung : Anmeldung is the mandatory registration of your home address with the local registration office in Germany, due within two weeks…
  • Apostille : An apostille is an official certificate that confirms a public document (like a birth certificate or diploma) is genuine, so…

  • Beckham Law (Spain) : Spain's Beckham Law lets qualifying new arrivals be taxed under non-resident rules for several years. Most foreign investment…
  • Biometric Residence Permit : The UK has retired BRP cards: all have now expired and been replaced by digital eVisas. Elsewhere a Biometric Residence Permit is…

  • Centre of Vital Interests : Not the first tie-breaker test: a tax treaty reaches your centre of vital interests only when you have a permanent home available…
  • Codice Fiscale (Italy) : The codice fiscale is Italy's personal tax code: 16 letters and numbers built from your name, date of birth and place of birth. It…
  • Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) Rules : CFC rules let your home or new tax-residence country tax the profits of a foreign company you control, even if the company never…

  • D7 Visa (Portugal) : Portugal's residence visa for people with their own stable income from outside the country, pensions, rentals, dividends or remote…
  • Digital Nomad Visa : A digital nomad visa is a temporary residence permit that lets you live in a country while working remotely for clients or an…
  • Double Taxation Treaty : A double taxation treaty is an agreement between two countries that decides which one gets to tax your income, and how each side…

  • e-Residency (Estonia) : Estonia's e-Residency is a government-issued digital identity that lets non-residents open and run an Estonian company online. It…
  • EHIC / GHIC : The EHIC (European Health Insurance Card) and GHIC (UK Global Health Insurance Card) give you access to state healthcare in EU…
  • Entry/Exit System (EES) : The Entry/Exit System (EES) is the EU's digital border register for non-EU short-stay travellers. It records your passport data…
  • eSIM : An eSIM is a digital SIM card built into your phone, so you can activate a mobile plan by scanning a QR code instead of swapping a…
  • ETIAS (European Travel Information and Authorisation System) : ETIAS is the EU's upcoming online travel authorisation for visa-exempt non-EU travellers visiting 30 European countries for short…
  • EU Blue Card : The EU Blue Card is a combined work and residence permit for highly qualified non-EU nationals with a job offer in an EU country…
  • Exit Tax : An exit tax is a charge some countries apply when you stop being a tax resident, often taxing unrealised gains on assets as if…

  • Golden Visa : A residence-by-investment scheme: you put a qualifying sum into a country (real estate, a fund, a business, or a deposit) and, in…

  • IBAN : An IBAN (International Bank Account Number) is a standardised code that identifies a specific bank account across borders, so…

  • Multi-Currency Account : A bank or fintech account that lets you hold, receive, and spend money in several currencies at once, so you can manage funds…

  • NHR (Non-Habitual Resident) : Portugal's NHR was a 10-year tax regime giving qualifying new residents reduced or zero tax on much of their foreign income. It…
  • NIE Number (Spain) : The NIE (Número de Identidad de Extranjero) is the personal, unique number Spain assigns to foreigners who have economic…
  • Nomad Health Insurance : Health cover built for people who live and work across borders, covering routine and emergency care in multiple countries rather…
  • Non-Domiciled Status (Non-Dom) : The UK abolished non-dom status on 6 April 2025. It let a tax resident be taxed differently on foreign income and gains because…

  • Permanent Establishment : A permanent establishment (PE) is a fixed or substantial business presence in a country that lets that country tax part of a…
  • Proof of Funds : Proof of funds is documentation showing you have enough money to support yourself for a set period, usually required when applying…

  • Regime Forfettario (Italy) : Italy's flat-rate scheme for small self-employed earners: up to 85,000 euro of yearly revenue, a single 15% substitute tax (5% for…
  • Residence Permit : A residence permit is the official document or status that lets a non-citizen live in a country for longer than a tourist stay…

  • Schengen Area : The Schengen Area is a group of mostly European countries that have abolished passport checks at their shared borders, so you can…
  • SEPA : SEPA (Single Euro Payments Area) is a system that lets you send and receive euro bank transfers across 30+ European countries as…
  • SWIFT / BIC : A SWIFT/BIC code is the 8- or 11-character bank identifier used to route international wire transfers to the right bank. SWIFT is…

  • Tax Identification Number : A Tax Identification Number (TIN) is the unique code a government uses to track you in its tax system. When you move countries you…
  • Tax Residency : Tax residency is the country that has the right to tax your income, usually where you live most of the year or keep your main home…
  • Territorial Taxation : Territorial taxation means a country taxes only the income you earn inside its borders, leaving most foreign-sourced income…
  • Tie-Breaker Rule : A tie-breaker rule is the set of steps in a tax treaty that decides which single country you are resident in when two countries…
  • Totalization Agreement : A treaty between two countries that coordinates their social security systems, so you don't pay into both at once and can combine…
  • Travel Medical Insurance : Short-term cover that pays for emergency medical care, hospital stays and evacuation while you're abroad. It's built for trips…

  • US LLC : A US Limited Liability Company is a flexible American business entity. A non-resident with no US activity often pays no US federal…

  • Visa Run : A visa run is a short trip across a border to reset or renew the time you're allowed to stay in a country, then re-entering on a…

  • Working Holiday Visa : A working holiday visa lets young adults, usually aged 18 to 30 (up to 35 for some nationalities), travel in another country…