🇳🇱 Netherlands: visas, tax & cost of living

Visiting

Visa-free for up to 90 days. Travel on a passport valid for your whole stay, with a return or onward ticket and proof you can support yourself.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

The UK decides residence with its Statutory Residence Test (days in the UK plus your ties). As a non-resident you are usually taxed only on UK income; where one exists, a double-tax treaty with the destination decides who taxes what.

Double-tax treaty: yes, in force since 2008

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Healthcare agreement: A UK GHIC covers medically necessary state care on the same basis as a local, but it is not a substitute for travel insurance.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.

Visiting

Visa-free for up to 90 days. Travel on a passport valid for your whole stay, with a return or onward ticket and proof you can support yourself.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

The US taxes its citizens on worldwide income wherever you live, so you keep filing US returns abroad. The Foreign Earned Income Exclusion and the foreign tax credit are what stop you being taxed twice.

Double-tax treaty: yes

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.

Visiting

You need a visa, arranged at a consulate before you travel. Plan ahead: gather the documents, book the appointment, and allow time for processing.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

India taxes residents on worldwide income; your status depends on the days you spend in India (broadly 182 or more in the year). As a non-resident (NRI) you are taxed only on Indian-source income, and the relevant double-tax treaty allocates the rest.

Double-tax treaty: yes

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.

Visiting

You have freedom of movement here: you can live, work and stay with no visa.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

Germany taxes residents on worldwide income; you become resident through a home available to you (Wohnsitz) or a habitual abode of more than six months. As a non-resident you are usually taxed only on German-source income, and where one exists a double-tax treaty with the destination decides who taxes what.

Double-tax treaty: yes, in force since 2016

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.

Visiting

You have freedom of movement here: you can live, work and stay with no visa.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

France taxes you on your worldwide income if your tax home (domicile fiscal) stays there, broadly when your household, main home, main job or main economic interests are in France, so moving abroad alone may not end it. Once you genuinely settle elsewhere you are usually taxed only on French-source income, and tax treaties typically prevent paying twice through an exemption or a foreign tax credit, but treat any figures as estimates and check your situation.

Double-tax treaty: yes

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.

Visiting

You have freedom of movement here: you can live, work and stay with no visa.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

If Spain still counts as your tax home (roughly 183+ days in the country in a year, or your main base of life and income sits there), Spain taxes your worldwide income at IRPF rates, so what you earn abroad usually counts too. The sting is softened by double-tax treaties and a foreign-tax credit, plus the Article 7.p exemption that can shelter work done abroad up to around 60,100 euros a year, but treat every figure as an estimate and check your own case before you file.

Double-tax treaty: yes

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.

Visiting

You have freedom of movement here: you can live, work and stay with no visa.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

Italy generally treats you as a tax resident if for most of the year (roughly 183 days or more) your home, family or registration ties are here, and residents are taxed on worldwide income wherever they live. The relief is usually a foreign tax credit for tax already paid abroad, often shaped by Italy's double-taxation treaties, so the same income should not be taxed twice.

Double-tax treaty: yes

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.

Visiting

Visa-free for up to 90 days. Travel on a passport valid for your whole stay, with a return or onward ticket and proof you can support yourself.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

Canada taxes you on residency, not on holding the passport, so as long as the CRA still treats you as a resident (kept home, family or strong ties) you generally owe Canadian tax on your worldwide income. The relief is usually a foreign tax credit for tax you already paid abroad, often topped up by a tax treaty, though the exact amounts are only estimates until you check your own case.

Double-tax treaty: yes

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.

Working-holiday visa: yes, ages 18-30

Visiting

Visa-free for up to 90 days. Travel on a passport valid for your whole stay, with a return or onward ticket and proof you can support yourself.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

If you stay an Australian resident for tax purposes, Australia generally taxes your worldwide income wherever you live, with residency turned on the moment your real home and ties are here (a continuous stay of roughly 6 months can be enough). To soften double tax, you can usually claim a Foreign Income Tax Offset for tax already paid abroad, capped at the Australian tax on that income, and treaties may help too, so treat these figures as estimates and check your own case.

Double-tax treaty: yes

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.

Working-holiday visa: yes, ages 18-30

Visiting

Visa-free for up to 90 days. Travel on a passport valid for your whole stay, with a return or onward ticket and proof you can support yourself.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

If Brazil still counts you as tax-resident, usually triggered by a permanent visa, a temporary visa plus a job, or roughly 183 days in the country within any 12 months, the Receita Federal taxes your worldwide income, so you keep filing the annual return wherever you live. The relief is real but partial: tax paid abroad can normally be credited against what you owe in Brazil under a treaty or recognised reciprocity, so most people are not taxed twice on the same income.

Double-tax treaty: yes

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.

Visiting

Visa-free for up to 90 days. Travel on a passport valid for your whole stay, with a return or onward ticket and proof you can support yourself.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

Mexico taxes you on your worldwide income once you count as a tax resident, which usually means your main home or your center of life is here (very roughly, spending more than about 183 days a year can tip the balance). The good news is the SAT lets you credit foreign income tax you already paid, and Mexico's double-taxation treaties mean the same money should not normally be taxed twice.

Double-tax treaty: yes

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.

Visiting

You need a visa, arranged at a consulate before you travel. Plan ahead: gather the documents, book the appointment, and allow time for processing.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

If you stay a resident citizen, the Philippines taxes your worldwide income, but once you genuinely live and work abroad you usually count as a non-resident citizen and are taxed only on income from Philippine sources. The exact line depends on how long you are out and your ties back home, so treat these as estimates, and a foreign tax credit can offset tax already paid abroad.

Double-tax treaty: yes

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.

Visiting

You need a visa, arranged at a consulate before you travel. Plan ahead: gather the documents, book the appointment, and allow time for processing.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

If Nigeria still counts you as resident, roughly 183 or more days in the country in a year, or you keep a home, habitual abode or close family and economic ties there, you are generally taxed on your worldwide income, not just what you earn in Nigeria. There is usually a foreign tax credit, and Nigeria's tax treaties, so tax you already paid abroad can typically be set against your Nigerian bill, but treat these figures as estimates and check the current rules before you file.

Double-tax treaty: yes

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.

Visiting

You need a visa, arranged at a consulate before you travel. Plan ahead: gather the documents, book the appointment, and allow time for processing.

Passport validity: Valid at least 3 months beyond planned departure from Schengen, usually issued within the last 10 years, with two blank pages for stamps.

Heads-up: The EU Entry/Exit System (EES) started on 12 October 2025 and has been fully operational since 10 April 2026: it replaces passport stamps by recording the fingerprints and a facial image of non-EU short-stay travellers. ETIAS, the EUR 20 travel authorisation for visa-exempt visitors, is not operating yet; the EU says it will announce the start date several months before launch.

At the border: Border officer may ask for proof of onward or return travel and sufficient funds for the stay.

Working remotely

No dedicated nomad visa; the usual route is a standard residence permit.

Tax and residency

Under Article 4 of the General Tax Act (AWR), where you live is judged on all the circumstances, so there is no day count. Residents are taxed on worldwide income. The 30% expat scheme is only for people in paid employment with scarce expertise, so the self-employed cannot use it; it drops to 27% in 2027. (estimate)

Vietnam treats you as a tax resident once you spend roughly 183 days there in a calendar year (or any rolling 12 months) or keep a permanent home, and residents are taxed on worldwide income at progressive rates of around 5% to 35%; there is no foreign-earned-income exclusion, but Vietnam's tax treaties and a foreign tax credit usually stop the same income being taxed twice.

Double-tax treaty: yes

Practical

Currency: EUR. Cost of living: high.

Healthcare: Once you are resident or working, Dutch law generally requires you to take out Dutch basic health insurance (basisverzekering) from a private insurer.

Driving: A foreign licence is fine for short visits; if its categories are not labelled A, B, C, D and E, carry an International Driving Permit as well. Once you live in the Netherlands, a licence from outside the EU/EFTA may be used for 185 days only, and after that you may not drive without a Dutch licence, even if your exchange application is still being processed.